Subject + intransitive verbBeberapa kalimat hanya memiliki 2 kata, yaitu Kata Benda (Noun) dan Kata Kerja Intransitif, contoh:
- Birds fly.
- Dogs bark.
- Fire burns.
- Time flies.
Subject + transitive verb + direct objectKata Kerja Transitif harus memiliki minimal 1 buah Objek. Susunan Normal dari sebuah kalimat adalah
Subject + Verb + Object.
- John likes milk.
- The principal punished the boy.
- The unruly demonstrators invaded the platform.
- The scoundrels should be given a good thrashing.
- The government should ban all military organizations.
Subject + verb + object + adverb particleAda beberapa Kata kerja yang diikuti oleh Particles (Misalnya: put on, take off, give away, bring up, call in). Kadang-kadang Particle tersebut dipisahkan dengan kata kerjanya dan diletakkan setelah Objek Langsung (
Direct Object). Contoh:
- John put his hat on.
- They called the doctor in.
- He threw it away.
- You must send them back.
Particle diletakkan setelah Objek apabila Object-nya adalah Personal Pronoun (e.g. him, them, me, us, it) atau Objeknya sangat singkat.
Namun apabila Objeknya panjang maka letakkan Particle tersebut sebelum Objeknya. Contoh:
- The principal gave away the prices.
- He put on an air of innocence.
- We will not throw away anything useful.
- The poor widow had to bring up all three children.
- The sailors put out the fire in the hold of the ship.
- They called in Dr Smith, a famous specialist.
Subject + verb + indirect object + direct objectPola di atas digunakan apabila Objek Tak Langsung (
Indirect Object) lebih pendek dari Objek Langsungnya (
Direct Object) atau Objek Langsungnya (
Direct Object) satu kesatuan makna yang apabila dipisah malah membuat kesalahpahaman. Contoh:
- The president awarded him a gold medal.
- He told us an interesting story.
- The robber dealt the traveler a heavy blow.
- We promised our guide a handsome reward.
- The teacher wished the boys all success.
Subject + verb + direct object + preposition + indirect objectPola ini digunakan apabila Objek Langsung lebih pendek dari pada Objek Tak Langsung atau apabila Objek Langsungnya adalah satu kesatuan makna yang perlu mendapatkan penekanan makna. Contoh:
- He distributed sweets to all the boys in the class.
- I don't lend books to anybody.
- She bought a present for her mother.
- She ordered a new dress for herself.
- He made coffee for all of us.
Subject + verb + object + complementsBeberapa Kata Kerja Transitif diikuti oleh sebuah Objek dan Objek Pelengkap. Contoh:
- The people wanted to crown Caesar king.
- They named the baby Christopher.
- You may call it what you will.
- They chose him their leader.
Contoh diatas menunjukkan bahwa Objek Pelengkapnya adalah Kata Benda. Kata Depan "As" atau "for" kadang-kadang digunakan dengan Kata-kata kerja tertentu. Contoh:
- Whom will they chose for their leader?
- I wonder whom they will elect as President.
Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini.
- The noise drove him mad.
- He painted the car red.
- We found the house empty.
- We consider the matter very important.
Disini Objek Pelengkapnya adalah Adjectives. Kadang-kadang "to be" diletakkan sebelum Pelengkap. Contoh:
- I consider the plan (to be) unwise.
- Most people supposed him (to be) innocent.
- I knew him to be conscientious.
- They have proved themselves (to be) worthy of our trust.
Subject + be + complementKata Kerja "
be" diikuti oleh Subject Complement. Subject Complement bisa saja terdiri dari Kata Benda, Kata Sifat, Kata Keterangan atau Frase Kata Keterangan. Contoh:
- He is an engineer.
- They are our friends.
- The play was interesting.
- He is in the next room.
- God is everywhere.
Beberapa Kata Kerja Intransitif juga diikuti oleh Subject Complements.
- She remained a spinster.
- The crowd turned violent.
- That sounds funny.
- I felt miserable.
- He went abroad.
Subject + verb + question word + infinitiveKata Tanya (
Question Word) pada Pola di atas digunakan sebagai Objek Langsung.
- I don't know where to turn for help.
- We must find out what to do next.
- Let us decide when to start.
- Have you been told where to stay?
- I don't know how to stop it.
- We must remember where to turn off the main road.
- Do you know what to look for?
Catatan:
Salah jika Anda menggunakan 'What to do?' (Contoh ke-2) sebagai Pertanyaan. Sebagai Penggantinya, Anda harus gunakan 'What shall we do?' atau 'What is to be done?'
The question word + infinitive can be changed into a noun clause.- I don't know where to turn for help. (= I don't know where I should turn for help. )
- We must find out what to do next. (= We must find out what we should do next. )
- Let us decide when to start. (= Let us decide when we should start. )
Subject + verb + indirect object + question word + infinitive- I will show you how to manage it.
- Could you tell me where to find a good hotel?
- Someone should teach you how to behave.
- A good dictionary tells you how to pronounce words.
- Please direct me how to get there.
Have (or get) + object + past participlePola diatas digunakan untuk menyuruh orang lain mengerjakan sesuatu (Perhatikan pelajaran Causative).
- I must have my shoes mended. (OR I must get my shoes mended.)
- We got our house designed by a famous architect.
- She has had her photographs taken.
- She got her son trained as a mechanic.
The... the... with comparative adjectivesPola di atas artinya "Semakin..., maka semakin...) Lihat Pelajaran Comparasion (Comparative Degree).
- The less I see him the more I like him.
- The more he reads the less he understands.
- The older we grow the wiser we become.
- The richer one grows the greater one's worries.
- The higher you climb the colder it gets.
Subject + present perfect + adverbials/complements- They have lived here since 1960.
- They have lived here for twelve years now.
- The boy has grown enormously in the last two years.
- Has the peon gone to the post office already?
- I have been there this morning.
Verb patterns with present perfect progressive tense- Alice has been knitting a sweater for her brother.
- The anxious father has been waiting for a call from his son in the US.
- The leaning tower of Pisa has been leaning more and more every year.
- The Americans have been spending billions of dollars on space research.
Verb patterns with the past perfect- The Prime Minister had visited Moscow before she went to London.
- The visitors had left by the time I reached home.
- The patient had died before the doctor arrived.
- The rebels had already been shot before the UN could intervene.
Be + to-infinitive is also used as a mild form of command.- Teacher says you are to learn the poem by heart.
- The scouts are to wear their uniforms for the parade.
- Father says you are not to go to the pictures tonight.
Subject + verb + object + infinitive- Newton saw the apple fall to the ground.
- I watched the servant light the fire.
- We heard her sing a lovely song.
- They made the child drink the milk.
- We saw the criminal break open the door.
- Did you notice anyone come in?
CatatanSetelah Kata Kerja seperti
bid, watch, see, let, make dan
hear, gunakan Kata kerja tanpa "to". Contoh:
- They made me wait. (NOT They made me to wait.)
- He bade me come. (NOT He bade me to come.)
- I saw her light the lamp. (NOT I saw her to light...)
- We heard her sing a song. (NOT We heard her to sing...)
- We watched them play.
- Let him go.